Zion Dome Update

Two weeks ago, I wrote about the dome from the Zion Hotel (built in 1902) that was saved by local citizens in 1979 when the rest of the building was demolished.

Since my post, a Save the Dome Committee has been organized to fundraise money for the much needed repairs to the historic structure. The Committee was formed by Zion Commissioner Shantal Taylor and other concerned citizens.

Anyone interested in this preservation effort can attend the committee's next meeting on February 9th at 4 p.m. at Ariel Fitness and Nutrition, 2719 Elisha Avenue, Zion.

Looking south on Sheridan Road at the Zion Hotel, circa 1910. Dunn Museum. 

The dome is located at Sheridan Road and 26th Street, on the original site of the Zion Hotel. 

Update! On April 22, 2011, it was reported in the News-Sun that Zion Solutions has donated $40,000 to the city of Zion to restore the dome.

Artist Reima V. Ratti (1914 - 1945)

In 2004, a collection of work by Waukegan-born artist, Reima "Ray" Ratti (1914-1945) was donated to the Bess Bower Dunn Museum from the estate of his fiancee, Mary Sadler. It is the largest known publicly-held collection of Reima V. Ratti's work.

During his short life, Ratti produced an impressive amount of sketches, drawings and paintings influenced by the vibrant and diverse community he lived in and the challenges of life in the Great Depression. 

Waukegan Township High School portrait of Reima Ratti, circa 1934.
Bess Bower Dunn Museum 2004.19.129

The son of Finnish immigrants, Victor Ratti (1886-1933) and Hilja Touminen Ratti (1889-1962), Reima's passion for art developed and matured through Waukegan Township High School's robust art program and dedicated teachers.

In the midst of the Great Depression, Ratti was able to take advantage of a New Deal program to gain full-time work. In 1935, Ratti was accepted as a laborer in the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) with Company 1699 at Camp Estabrook near Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

While working as a rock-crusher, Ratti continued to sketch and paint, finding inspiration in the back-breaking work.

At Camp Estabrook, Ratti painted the quintessential CCC laborer in this work titled, "Driller." Utilizing dynamite, drills and man-power, the CCC workers removed a nearly one-mile rock ledge as part of a flood control project along the Milwaukee River. "Driller" oil on canvas, 1935. 

Bess Bower Dunn Museum 2004.19.7

In September 1936, Ratti requested to be accepted as a CCC artist, sending a letter and his sketchbook to the head of the Treasury Department Section of Painting and Sculpture in Washington, D.C.: “I have heard much about CCC artists and the fine work they have done. I would very much like to be a CCC Artist myself.” His request was accepted and his status changed from "enrollee" to "official CCC artist." 

While Ratti became an artist with the Civilian Conservation Corps, most artists employed by the U.S. Government's New Deal programs worked through the Federal Arts Project of the Works Progress Administration (WPA).

In July 1937, Ratti returned home to Waukegan to work full-time as a night shift baker for the Co-Operative Bakery. Since he worked as a baker in the early morning hours before dawn, he was able to paint during the day when natural light was best.

Reima Ratti sketching in the back alley of the Co-Operative Bakery in Waukegan where he worked from 1937 to 1943.

Waukegan Post, May 3, 1940.

Ratti worked in oils, graphite, ink, pastel, and gouache. He often painted friends and family, and some landscapes as well. The oil portraits were done in the cottage studio he built at the back of the lot of his family's Waukegan home. 

"Landscape" by Reima Ratti, oil on canvas, 1944. This painting was done while on a trip to Wyoming  to see relatives. 

Bess Bower Dunn Museum 2004.19.9.b

"Young Man Carrying Pail" by Reima Ratti, pastel, circa 1940. One of Ratti's many drawings done at the Finnish baths in Waukegan. 

Bess Bower Dunn Museum 2004.19.2

"Portrait with Puffed Sleeves." Oil on canvas. Circa 1943.

Bess Bower Dunn Museum 2004.19.30

During his lifetime, Ratti's work was recognized locally and regionally. His art was exhibited at the Milwaukee Public Museum and Art Institute of Chicago. 

Uncited Waukegan newsapaper article about Ratti's death, November 15, 1945. 

After his untimely death at the age of 31, his fiancee, Mary Sadler (1916-2003), and friend and art pupil Carl Austen (1917-1999) memorialized and promoted his work with local exhibitions. For many years, Sadler continued to search in local resale shops for Ratti's work. 

~ ~ ~ 

In 2018, a biography of Reima V. Ratti's life, art and work in the CCC was published by Kathleen Duxbury. CCC ART Artists of the Civilian Conservation Corps: Reima Victor Ratti. 

The Zion Hotel Dome

 John Alexander Dowie, official portrait, 1903. Dunn Museum. 

The founding of the City of Zion is a remarkable tale of one man's will. The charismatic preacher and faith healer, John Alexander Dowie (1847-1907) founded the Christian Catholic Church and the city of his dreams, Zion.

Born in Scotland, Dowie came to Illinois in 1893 when he preached outside the gates of the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago. By 1899, his followers numbered in the thousands and had a Temple in Chicago.

It was Dowie's ambitious plan to create a theocracy—a city of God. He worked with a land agent to anonymously buy 6,000 acres in Benton Township, Lake County. Dowie was savvy enough to realize there might be opposition to his church claiming so much land. The local newspapers were quick to speculate on the flurry of purchases, possibly for a railroad or the Armour Meat Packing Company.

In July 1901, lots in several of Dowie's newly platted subdivisions were made available for lease, and the boom was on. The caveat, you had to be a member of Dowie's church. Families set up tents to live in while they built their homes.

Sheridan Road looking north from approximately 26th Street, circa 1905. Dunn Museum. (Location updated 4/5/19).

 

Early in 1902, Dowie had the Elijah Hospice "hotel" constructed to accommodate workers who would build the new city. The Hospice was located on Sheridan Road and 26th Street. 

The bus's sign denotes "Kenosha." Circa 1930. Dunn Museum.

It took 500 workers two months to complete the three-story building, which at the time was the largest wooden structure in Illinois. Painted white, the Hospice seemed to be the very icon of Dowie's message of "clean and faithful living." 

Rare photo of Zion Hotel interior taken in 1939 at the annual dinner of the Booker T. Washington Progressive Club. Dunn Museum 94.26.1. 

Zion Hotel, circa 1965. Dunn Museum 97.5.1.

In the 1950s, the building became a residence for senior citizens and was known as the Zion Hotel.

Advertisement for boarding at the Zion Hotel. Chicago Tribune, September 16, 1962. Newspapers.com

By the 1970s, the building needed repair, so it had to be condemned. In 1979, it was razed, but Zion's citizens donated $20,000 to save the dome as a reminder of the city's extraordinary past. 

Since 1980, the dome has been maintained through private and public funds on the same property where the hotel once stood.

Zion Hotel Dome, 2003. 

Credit: John Margolies Roadside America photograph archive (1972-2008), 

Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.

 
The dome is one of the city's oldest landmarks and sits prominently along Sheridan Road, where it is seen by thousands of people each day. This is the only surviving remnant of Zion's early wooden structures, which were all destroyed by fire or bulldozer.

Two other significant Dowie-era buildings are also preserved in Zion—Dowie's former residence, Shiloh House, and Shiloh Cottage, both brick Victorians. The Shiloh House is home to the Zion Historical Society.

Postcard view of Dowie's residence, circa 1907. Dunn Museum 96.6.4

In recent months, the dome's deteriorating condition has again caused concerns. There is renewed debate about who should pay for its maintenance.

- Diana Dretske, Curator ddretske@LCFPD.org

Andrew Carnegie and His Library Legacy

Before towns had public libraries they often had “reading rooms.” 

Waukegan maintained one through its library association beginning in 1845, but the dream was always to have a true library for its citizens. The Sesame Club, a Waukegan women's club, established in 1894, promoted their vision of a free public library. Through their efforts the Waukegan Library Association was formed and books were made available to the public, but a free and public library was still the dream.

News of Andrew Carnegie's donations to build public libraries reached Waukegan. A letter was sent and in 1903, Carnegie donated $25,000. 

Carnegie's $25,000 promised for the new public library made local headlines. Waukegan Daily Sun, August 1, 1901. 

Andrew Carnegie visiting Waukegan, circa 1903. Dunn Museum Collections. 

Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) was one of America’s most successful businessmen. In 1848, he immigrated to the United States from Scotland with his family, and settled in Allegheny, Pennsylvania.

Carnegie worked at a cotton mill, Western Union, and the Pennsylvania Railroad before beginning his own business in 1865—the Carnegie Steel Company. Through his shrewd and often criticized business practices, Carnegie became the world’s wealthiest man.

For Carnegie, education was life’s key. He believed that all people should have access to information for self-education. In this regard, he established the first Carnegie Library in his hometown in Scotland in 1881.

The first Carnegie Library in the United States was built in Braddock, Pennsylvania in 1889. Curt Teich postcard A23659 (1911).

The amount of money that Carnegie gave each town was based on U.S. Census figures, and averaged about $2 per person. Nearly all Carnegie libraries were built according to "The Carnegie Formula," which required matching contributions from the town that received the donation. Generally, this meant people had to be willing to raise taxes to support the library. He also required that the town provide the building site, and free service to all.

The Carnegie Library in Waukegan, with its unusual semicircular shape and Ionian Greek style architecture stands at the corner of Washington Street and Sheridan Road. It served as the community’s library from 1903-1965.

Waukegan's favorite son, Jack Benny, worked as a pit musician at the Barrison Theater on the north side of the Carnegie Library. (see postcard above). In 1911, Benny teamed up with Barrison pianist Cora Salisbury and left Waukegan to perform in vaudeville. Postcard, circa 1907.  Dunn Museum Collection 61.8.101. 

Carnegie's donations coincided with a time of expansion for many towns, and when states were seeing the need to establish public libraries. Waukegan Public Library, circa 1910. Dunn Museum Collection 61.8.121. 

Another view of the library, showing the unusual construction on the bluff at Sheridan Road, circa 1945. Dunn Museum Collection 2006.17.2. 

In all, Carnegie provided the funds to build approximately 1,900 public libraries in the United States and over 2,800 worldwide. It cost him over $41 million to build the U.S. libraries, and in his lifetime he gave away $350 million. After his death, the Carnegie Corporation of New York continued his tradition of philanthropy.

Waukegan's "new" public library is located on County Street, near the county courthouse. The Carnegie Library still stands on Sheridan Road, and there is much debate over what function the building can serve.  

One of America’s greatest writers and Waukegan native, Ray Bradbury (1920-2012), discovered books and a love of reading at Waukegan's Carnegie Library. Bradbury was one of thousands who benefitted from Andrew Carnegie's belief that “the man who dies rich, dies disgraced.”

Ray Bradbury in 1975. Photo by Alan Light. Wiki Commons.

You can read more about the establishment of Waukegan's Carnegie Library and its renovation into the new Waukegan History Museum at the Carnegie here: History Restored - Waukegan History Museum at the Carnegie. 

Post updated 9/4/2025

Christmas Dinner

Holiday dinners are special for the traditional food and decorations, and for families and friends gathering to celebrate.

I searched the collection for images of holiday meals, and the ones that stood out featured soldiers and sailors. In these images, enlisted men are celebrating Christmas far from home.

This postcard from 1917 taken at the U.S. Naval Station Great Lakes shows young sailors having their Christmas dinner. I find this image particularly sweet as they smile for the camera, making the best of being away from home. Even though the table is crowded with so many seated for dinner, it also appears festive with white china and greenery for centerpieces.

This is the back of the Christmas Dinner postcard. Oddly, it is postmarked June 17, 1918. Maybe it was the only postcard available or it evoked the "Great life up here" that he writes about in the message.

This Christmas dinner was held at Fort Sheridan, circa 1930. At each place setting, the coffee cup is turned upside down and an apple is set on top. There are also gift items on each plate, including a pack of cigarettes and a cigar. The meal consists of pies, roasted meat, mashed potatoes and butter.

This photo was taken in the Officers Club at Fort Sheridan, December 6, 1967. The room is decorated for the Officers Wives Club Christmas tea. A white aluminum Christmas tree with tinsel is prominently displayed at the center of the tables. Look closely you may be able to see that the platters of hors d'oeuvres include some in the shape of snowmen.

Happy holidays!

Sitting Bull - On This Day in History

One of the legends that has persisted in the annals of Lake County history is that the Native American, Sitting Bull, was imprisoned at Fort Sheridan in the late 1800s.

The confusion probably arises from the fact that a group of Sioux warriors were escorted to Fort Sheridan in early 1891. However, Sitting Bull could not have been among those men, because he had been killed months earlier on December 15, 1890.

Sitting Bull (c. 1831 – 1890) was a Sioux holy man, notable in American history for his role in the victory at the Battle of Little Bighorn against Lt. Colonel George Custer and the U.S. 7th Cavalry on June 25, 1876.

In the 1880s, he toured briefly with “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s Wild West Show. Sitting Bull is shown at left in a studio portrait with Bill Cody.

Sitting Bull urged his people to accept no further compromise and relinquish no more land to the U.S. Government. He participated in the "Ghost Dance," a ceremonial movement with a messianic message. Because of his great influence, his involvement raised fears of an uprising. Federal agents ordered Sitting Bull arrested, and in a pre-dawn raid on 15 December 1890, more than three dozen tribal policemen backed by military escort were dispatched to his cabin. In the ensuing chaos Sitting Bull was shot and killed.

Two weeks later, the Indian Wars came to a tragic end at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota. Big Foot, another Sioux leader, led his people to an area he thought safe. Federal troops caught up with him and opened fire massacring 370 Lakota.

By the end of January 1891, a group of Sioux were taken prisoner. On January 26, 1891, a telegram was received from General Nelson Miles, commander of U.S. troops in South Dakota, stating: "I expect to reach Chicago some time tomorrow night with Taming Bear, Short Bull, Two Strike, and others, thirty in all. I desire that preparations be made to remove them to Fort Sheridan immediately." 

The idea was to show the warriors the newly constructed fort with all its buildings, soldiers, and weapons, to impress on them the might of the U.S. military. 

Pictured are Sioux warriors who were taken to Fort Sheridan as prisoners. Photograph by George E. Spencer. 

Fort Sheridan Collection, Dunn Museum, 92.24.1347.

Pictured in Spencer's photograph: Kicking Bear, High Eagle, Revenge (19), Hard to Hit, Short Bull (ca 1845-1915), a member of a Lakota tribe (5), Good Eagle, Close to Lodge (14), Standing Bear (11), One Star (15), White Horse (17), Run By (3), Lone Bull (12), Come and Grunt (6), Scatter, Plenty Wound (2), John Shengrau (interpreter), White Beaver (1), John Bree (interpreter), Take the Shield Away (18), Know His Voice (16), Sorrell Horse (9), and Horn Eagle (8). 

Buffalo Bill Cody heard of their capture and asked the U.S. Government for permission to ask the men to join his Wild West Show. 

A letter dated March 1891, from General Miles states that Cody’s offer “would give them [Sioux] occupation for a year and a half without expense to the government; they would be away from the Sioux country during that time... [it] will educate them as to the extent, power and number of the white race.”

The Sioux warriors toured Europe with Cody, and returned to Illinois to perform at the Chicago World’s Fair in 1893. Once no longer employed by Cody, the U.S. army allowed them to return to their homes.

Sitting Bull's fame, his ties to Bill Cody, and the fact that Sioux warriors were present at Fort Sheridan seem to have combined to create the legend of Sitting Bull at Fort Sheridan.  

Gordon Keith Ray and Pearl Harbor

I would like to commemorate the 68th anniversary of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor with the story of one Lake County soldier and his family.

It was on the evening of December 7, 1941, while the Ray family was having dinner in their Diamond Lake home, when the music on the radio broke with the news of Pearl Harbor. Their son, Gordon Keith, was stationed at Schofield Barracks not far from Pearl Harbor.

In the spring of 1941, Gordon Keith Ray (1919 - 2006), known as Keith, had finished his senior year at the University of Illinois and received a commission in the U.S. Army as a second lieutenant. When he left home that July, his father Gordon, wrote in his diary: "this seemed like the end as we returned to an empty house, but Keith never let us down."

This photo of Keith on furlough was featured in "The Ray's" newsletter, May 1944.

Dunn Museum, Ray Collection, 96.1.56

At the end of August, Keith was told that he was being assigned to a new post. He wrote to his father: "I don't know when the boat will sail; they're keeping it secret."

Gordon wrote back: "I hope you don't have to go to Hawaii, but if you do, take it on the chin, and trusting God."

As fate would have it, Keith was sent to Hawaii. The Ray family was devastated to hear the news of the attack on that December evening.

Gordon wrote in his diary: "We could only wait for news to come, but the days passed and no news came. Everyone tried to console us by saying that 'no news is good news,' but it didn't satisfy our anxiety."

On December 16, the Rays sent a cablegram to Keith, but there was no reply. Three days later, the U.S. Government broadcasted on the radio that anyone who had not heard from the War Department should be assured their boys were O.K.

Still, the family prayed for news from Keith.

It was Monday, December 22 at 8:30 a.m. when Gordon and Marie Ray received a telegram from their son saying, "Am all right, why not?"

The same day they received a letter from Keith written on December 9:

"Dear Folks, I don't know when you will get this, but I thought I'd drop you a line to let you know that I'm still kicking. We seem to be in a war and are working 24 hours a day. I'm really doing things, but I'm afraid I can't tell you anything now. When I get home, I'll have some real stories to tell of air raids, blackouts, and defense work in the field. Lots of rumors, but not much war. Don't believe everything you hear from Washington or Tokyo. They both tell a lot of lies. Love, Keith."

Victory photo collage at the Ray Brothers' resort, 1943. 

Dunn Museum, Ray Collection, 96.1.51.

The Ray Brothers resort on Diamond Lake was a popular hang-out for picnics, dancing and the community to gather. In 1943, the "V" for Victory photo collage of local men who enlisted was displayed prominently at the resort.

On May 2, 1944, Keith came home from the war. He wasted no time filling up on Ray Brothers' hamburgers, shakes and pies.

December 5, 1944, almost three years to the day of the attack on Pearl Harbor, G. Keith Ray married Betty Gridley at the Gridley home in Libertyville. 

Betty and Gordon Keith in early 1945. 

Dunn Museum, Ray Collection, 96.1.61

Keith received an honorable discharge in October, 1945. He went on to become a professional engineer, and received international recognition as an authority on the design and construction of concrete pavements for roads and airport runways.

You can view the Dunn Museum's Ray Collections at our online host site, Illinois Digital Archives. Click on the links: Gordon Ray Photographs and The Rays Newsletters